Strengthening the business climate is a development priority for the Republic of Moldova. In the National Development Strategy "Moldova 2020", adopted in 2012 and updated in 2014, one of the 4 critical issues identified is the business environment. Chisinau has undertaken to implement a number of reforms stipulated in the roadmap with the EU, but only half of them have been put into practice, said IDIS Viitorul expert Ion Tăbârţă in the "15 minutes of economic realism" show.
The Government's 2017 actions included in the Roadmap for the Priority Reform Agenda comprise ten points and directly targets the business environment. Seven actions were the responsibility of the Ministry of Economy, two of the Ministry of Finance and an action at the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection. Only half of the shares were executed, three others with certain reserves and two remaining unrealized.
"The Government has made efforts to improve the business climate of the Republic of Moldova. Thus, the control of the economic agents was reduced and the number of permissive documents for obtaining the license was reduced. The bureaucracy for the issuing of acts by certainly responsible authorities has also been restricted. But most of the business people claim that these actions are insufficient", explained Ion Tăbârţă.
The expert argues that in 2017 two legislative initiatives, elaborated by the Ministry of Justice, provoked controversy, debates, and interpretations in the Moldovan society. The first initiative is the bill on the reduction of the pressure of the force on the business environment, also called the "decriminalization of economic crimes" project. The second initiative is the amendment to the citizenship law through which the rules on granting citizenship through investment are established.
Both legislative initiatives were argued by the Government in that they will contribute to the improvement of the business climate in the Republic of Moldova. At the same time, it is to be mentioned that they were not included in the Association Agreement Roadmap and were not agreed with the development partners of the Republic of Moldova.
"Concerns about the bill with the" decriminalization of economic crimes "were manifested also by the development partners of the Republic of Moldova. Both the EU and the US, but also the World Bank representatives in Moldova on the grounds that they violate European standards and that major concerns about this bill have to be taken seriously into consideration. Following the talks, the bill is to be divided into two parts: economic and legal", concluded Tăbârţă.
The show is made by IDIS "Viitorul" in partnership with Radio Free Europe.
For further details, please contact the press officer, Victor URSU, at the following address: ursu.victoor@gmail.com or at 069017396.
The Republic of Moldova continues to remain the poorest country in Europe with modest economic growth, which generates insufficient jobs. As a result, people go abroad looking for a well-paid job. This is the opinion expressed by Viorel Viitorul Program Director Viorel Chivriga during the 15 minutes of economic realism program.
Although the poverty rate has decreased since 2000, when it was 68%, against the backdrop of rising consumption of the population stimulated by remittances, yet most Moldovans cope with poverty. "In the Republic of Moldova, the low employment rate is observed among the whole population. Moreover, the combined trends of reduced fertility and increased emigration will generate a predicted decrease in the population of the Republic of Moldova, and the proportion of elderly people will get a significant advance", Chivriga explained.
The economic growth of the Republic of Moldova in recent years has been driven by sectors with increased productivity but has not benefited the population, which is predominantly employed in the low-productivity agricultural sector. Despite a relatively high level of education, the skills level of the existing workforce tends to be inadequate to meet the demands of the modern labor market. The country does not have a good skill upgrade and re-qualification system to help the workforce remain in the country.
According to Chivriga, the authorities must take urgent measures to boost the Moldovans' stay in the country. First, authorities need to reconfigure health system funding to deliver good quality, affordable medicines and to ensure that all people have access to water and sanitation. "Welfare gaps and access to urban and rural services require a more active commitment on the part of the Government to improve the delivery and quality of services in isolated areas. Otherwise, these barriers pose risks of deepening inequalities and undermining economic mobility and harmonization across the country".
In conclusion, the program director said it was unclear to promote a safer internal labor market to generate further progress in terms of reducing poverty and prosperity for the population. This implies creating more and better quality jobs and improving access to education, health, and services to enable individuals to have access to these jobs. It is also essential to create an environment where the necessary reforms and the creation of jobs favored by the private sector are possible.
The show is made by IDIS "Viitorul" in partnership with Radio Free Europe.
For further details, please contact the press officer, Victor URSU, at the following address: ursu.victoor@gmail.com or at 069017396.
28 years after independence, we find that the financial market of the Republic of Moldova is underdeveloped. The only remaining tool is banks and, more recently, microfinance companies, which are growing rapidly. It is the observation made by the economist IDIS Viitorul, Veaceslav Ioniţă during the "15 minutes of economic realism" show.
We are witnessing an unprecedented increase in non-bank lending against the backdrop of the banking crisis that the Republic of Moldova has experienced since 2014. The non-banking sector is registering a 25% increase by doubling its lending to the economy, as well as the share of loans granted - to 16% and most likely to exceed 20-25% in a few years. Lending to the economy was halted, and lending to the banking and non-banking sector was on the back of individuals. This leads us to the idea that the Republic of Moldova must rethink the whole financial system. Banks and the non-banking sector are too few, as funding applications are not covered and we are actually witnessing a blockage on the background of population growth.
"Banks are currently financing SS, virtually the only documents circulating in the Republic of Moldova, so authorities need to create prerequisites for the development of other financial instruments such as the issuance of bonds by companies and local public authorities. This will provide the opportunity for economic agents and the population to finance businesses and authorities by avoiding the banking and non-banking system ", Ionita said.
In his opinion, another instrument to be developed is the securities of the private entities and this year for the first time the Purcari wine company made a share issue at the Bucharest Stock Exchange. It is a turning point, as private companies become open, transparent with access to the capital market. It is a new tool that allows the development of bonds. And the Republic of Moldova must see how it can integrate the Chisinau scholarship into a regional scholarship with that of Bucharest or Budapest.
In conclusion, Veaceslav Ionita mentioned that the authorities should also draw attention to the liberalization of cross-border financial services. However, the lack of freedom of flow places the Republic of Moldova in a blockade.
The show is made by IDIS "Viitorul" in partnership with Radio Free Europe.
For further details, please contact the press officer, Victor URSU, at the following address: ursu.victoor@gmail.com or at 069017396.
Excessive liquidity in banks has led to the appetite of financial institutions to appease financial resources through bank deposits. AND this happens as a result of the continuous reduction of interest rates on foreign currency and foreign currency deposits, says journalist Victor Ursu in the show "15 minutes of economic realism".
Following the downward trend of the base rate applied to the main monetary policy operations of the National Bank of Moldova and as a result of the liquidity surplus registered in the banking system, the average interest rates on deposits accepted in the national currency by the licensed banks continued their trend Descending. In January 2018, the weighted average interest rate on term deposits in national currency constituted 5.17 percent, decreasing by 1.63 percentage points as compared to January 2017, and in foreign currency by 0.73 percentage points.
Term deposits from 6 to 12 months, attracted at an average interest rate of 5.54 percent, are the most attractive. The share of such placements represents 45.95 percent of total term deposits in national currency. Term deposits in national currency amounted to 18.7 billion lei, increasing by just over 3 percent while foreign currency deposits decreased by 3 percent.
At the same time, according to the NBM data as a result of the monetary issue, during the period 2016-2017, following the net interventions of the NBM on the foreign exchange market (foreign currency purchases) in volume of USD 773.4 million (approximately 14.58 billion lei), in the banking system - have accumulated excessive liquidities in the amount of about 9.4 billion lei. This surplus may in the short run create a positive impact on aggregate demand, the exchange rate and may generate inflationary pressures. On the other hand, a weak credit of the economy can generate additional disinflationary pressures. The new loans market posted moderate annual growth during 2017.
On the other hand, the positive evolution of the deposit component in national currency recorded in January 2017 was due to the change in sight deposits, whose contribution is growing. Thus sight deposits in ROL increased in January by 25.4% to 7.4 billion lei and those in foreign currency increased by 9.5% to the equivalent of 8 billion lei. And this is due to the eroded confidence of the population in the Moldovan banking system after the disappearance of the billion.
In conclusion, Victor Ursu argues that this situation is less good for the medium-term stability of the financial sector, as stability is ensured by long-term investments. The structure of sight deposits is predominant by deposits of legal entities, while the contribution from deposits of individuals is equally positive.
The show is made in partnership with Free Europe.
The dependence of the Republic of Moldova on a single natural gas source, the Russian one, threatens the country's energy security. However, the arrival of the Romanian company, Transgaz, on the Moldovan energy market would increase the energy security of the Republic of Moldova. Moreover, it would also facilitate access to the EU gas market after it announced its intention to contribute to the realization of the gas interconnection project between the Republic of Moldova and Romania. Including the extension of the Iasi-Ungheni gas pipeline to Chisinau, to be commissioned in early 2019.
"With the arrival of Transgaz, the energy security of the Republic of Moldova will be diversified and its dependence on Russian gas will be reduced. Interconnection with Romania already exists via the Iasi-Ungheni gas pipeline, but this is insufficient to contribute to Moldova's energy security because it supplies natural gas to only a few villages in the Ungheni and Nisporeni districts", explained during the 15 minutes of economic realism, "IDIS Viitorul" expert, Ion Tăbârţă.
The capacity of the Iasi-Ungheni-Chisinau gas pipeline is estimated at 1.5 billion cubic meters of gas. The Republic of Moldova, at the peak times during the winter period, consumed no more than 1.3 billion cubic meters of gas, excluding the Transnistrian region. But for the time being, it is not known what will be done with the electricity supply, given that Moldova imports 75% of the current from Cuciurgan, hydropower station located on the left bank of the Dniester River. Thus, in addition to the gas pipeline, it is necessary to interconnect the entire energy system of the Republic of Moldova with that of Romania. If this is done then we will be able to talk about a real energy alternative of the Republic of Moldova and its independence from the Russian Federation.
"Gazprom, through Moldovagaz, controls the energy security of the Republic of Moldova. And this has made the Dniester region an important player on the Moldovan energy market. Enclave does not pay its payments for the gas delivered, and as a result, a debt of USD 6 billion has been accumulated by the Russian Federation on the account of the Republic of Moldova, "Tăbârţă added.
According to him, the Republic of Moldova must move very quickly with the construction of the Ungheni-Chisinau pipeline, because Gazprom is to use the gas pipeline that will transport gas to Europe bypassing the Republic of Moldova - Turkish Stream, which will supply the Balkan countries with gas. Obviously, this will leave Moldova without transit status, which will make it even more vulnerable to the Kremlin.
In conclusion, Ion Tăbârţă said that Transgaz's arrival in the energy sector is vital for Moldova's energy security. It will be one of the largest economic investments of a company over the Prut, but things may be overwhelmed in the Republic of Moldova as a result of the fact that 2018 is an electoral one, with uncertain results, or the occult interests of the oligarchic circles at Chisinau involved in the energy schemes with the participation of decision makers from the left bank of the Dniester River.
The show is made by IDIS "Viitorul" in partnership with Radio Free Europe.
For further details, please contact the press officer, Victor URSU, at the following address: ursu.victoor@gmail.com or at 069017396.
The year 2018 began with good news for depositors. This is the amendment to the Deposit Guarantee Act, which stipulates the increase of the ceiling from 6 thousand lei to 20 thousand lei. Prior to amending the law, the deposit guarantee fund was about 339 million lei equivalent to 12% of the total deposits guaranteed to individuals. However, the volume of the fund relative to the total balance of deposits in the banking system is below 1%. This is the opinion expressed by the IDIS Viitorul economist, Ion Tornea, during the 15 minutes of economic realism show.
At the current level, even with the deposit guarantee ceiling of 20,000 lei, it is not enough to return the deposits of individuals in the three largest banks in the Republic of Moldova (Agroindbank, Moldindconbank, and Victoriabank) because the concentration rate of deposits is very high. Over 65% of total savings are in the three banks. We have the example of bankruptcy in 2015 of the three devalued banks when the fund was not enough and there was a need for state loans.
Ion Tornea argues that the increase in the deposit guarantee ceiling does not contribute to increasing confidence in the Moldovan banking system and stimulating economies, given that long-term resources are needed by the economy. Moreover, the Deposit Guarantee Fund is not the pillar that would annihilate the image crisis in which the banks have been mentioned after the theft of the bill. The evidence is that the population places their savings in the short term.
According to the economist, because of the fear of placing long-term money in banks for many years, the opportunity to channel migrants' money into the productive sectors of the economy (business start-up) is missed. In the absence of the alternative, money reaches consumption, real estate or other unproductive sectors.
Another shortcoming in the safety of deposits is the authorities' intention to create a bank resolution fund at 3% of the deposit guarantee fund. "It is insufficient and will not be able to cover the savings of individuals even from medium size banks. The resolution fund will take money from the loans and again the citizens will bear the consequences of bankruptcy in the banking system".
In conclusion, Ion Tornea affirms that after the signing of the Association Agreement, the Republic of Moldova has committed itself to harmonize its legislation with the acquis communautaire aimed at guaranteeing deposits in the banking system. Thus, according to European directives, Chisinau should increase the deposit guarantee fund by at least 12 thousand euros annually. But this is not the case, and the more time authorities spend the longer the funds and the pressure on the banking system will be bigger.
The show is made by IDIS "Viitorul" in partnership with Radio Free Europe.
For further details, please contact the press officer, Victor URSU, at the following address: ursu.victoor@gmail.com or at 069017396.
The volume of transfers of Moldovans working abroad amounted to USD 1.2 billion in 2017, 11.2 percent more than in the previous year when they dropped to the lowest level in the last ten years, after a 30 percent decrease in 2015 and 4.5 percent in 2016. However, although remittances amount to billions of dollars, only a small part is invested in the economy. It is the finding journalist Vlad Bercu in the show "15 minutes of economic realism".
In the absence of extensive analysis, it is difficult to tell how the money received by the population from abroad was spent. A study, conducted ten years ago, estimated that about 20 percent of the money is deposited in commercial banks and "only 7 percent of the country's remittances are actively invested, most often in small or medium-sized economic entities (shops, bars, repair shops, which can also create other jobs. "
What is certain is that some of the transfers have been invested over seven years in 1 136 projects that received state support in the amount of 213.49 million lei through the PARE 1 + 1 Program attracting remittances into the economy. The total amount of direct investments in the country's economy under this program is over 678.42 million lei, according to the Organization for Development of the Small and Medium Enterprises Sector.
During this seven-year period, the PARE 1 + 1 Program, which is considered to be a model, even for other countries, amounted to 9 billion 568 million US dollars. There are incomparable figures, the number of remittances and investments in PARE 1 + 1. A drop in the sea represents these investments.
According to him, money transfers in favor of individuals were and will remain in the medium term one of the engines of growth of the Moldovan economy by stimulating consumption. "Transfers remain a source of well-being for the population, although a source in a slight decline. Thus, the share of transfers in the income of the population is decreasing, albeit slow, but steady, from a figure of 18 percent in the third quarter of 2014, when a record level of remittances over the past ten years has been reached over 1.6 billion US dollars to 14.6 percent in the same period of 2017 when their contribution was 1.5 percentage points lower than in the same period of the previous year.
At the same time, Vlad Bercu argues that it is inexplicable when, from countries with a much smaller number of Moldovans living in these countries, the volume of transfers is higher. In the context, he referred to the volume of transfers from Italy to Israel, the number of Moldovans in the peninsula is ten times more, and the volume of transfers of USD 74.54 million versus USD 106.73 million in Israel. Does it mean that a part of Moldovan citizens who went to Italy settled their livelihood? That they have completed their families and no longer transfer money to their own homes in the past?
We can speculate on these figures, but they should be analyzed by a specialized institution. This topic should be the subject of research, such as the one drafted by the Ministry of Labor and Social Policies in Italy about the Moldovan community. A report from which we find that the number of Moldovans living in Italy increased from 55 803 in 2006 to 142 266 on 1 January 2016 and then fell to 135 661 on 1 January 2017, aged 35 years. The Italian Ministry explains the tendency to decrease Moldovan citizens' new entry into Italy by 2010 through the "growing number of Moldovan citizens who have acquired Italian citizenship in recent years" or married either with an Italian or Italian or with people by other nationalities (1 033 in 2014). Thus, in 2015, 2 464 Moldovans were granted Italian citizenship, up 67 percent from 2014.
About 67.5 percent of people aged 15-64 years of the Moldovan community were employed in 2016. Out of the total, the same report shows 25 390 or 18 percent are children, 99 percent of whom attend school. A total of 4,609 individual enterprises with Moldovan owners were registered in Italy in 2016, according to the report of the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy.
In conclusion, the journalist says there is a need for a comprehensive study that shows how transfers are used, which is happening with the Moldovan communities in different countries.
The show is made by IDIS "Viitorul" in partnership with Radio Free Europe.
For further details, please contact the press officer, Victor URSU, at the following address: ursu.victoor@gmail.com or at 069017396.
Although the reform strategy provides for a range of actions regarding local public administration, these remain unrealized. The government focused on reforming the central public administration, and the local government remained second. The action plan also provides for territorial administrative reform - a sensitive issue that has remained blocked. This is the opinion expressed by IDIS Viitorul expert, Viorel Pîrvan, during the show "15 minutes of economic realism".
The successful implementation of the public administration reform at both central and local level depends on and is related to other reforms to be implemented in the Republic of Moldova, such as the Reform of Public Services Modernization or the National Decentralization Strategy. At the same time, the reform of the public administration is also foreseen in the Association Agenda of the Republic of Moldova with the European Union and is fundamental for the process of integration in the European Union.
According to Pîrvan, an inappropriate action pedaling the central public administration is the training of local public administration specialists on the management of public patrimony at the local level. Such training can be done after the patrimonial decentralization, the clear delimitation of the properties of the territorial administrations, the private one from the public ones and the registration of all the goods at the local level. And all the process of reforming the public administration needs to be transparent and participatory, in which all actions and initiatives are to be publicly consulted, and the decisions made to the citizens.
"Reducing the number of ministries and civil servants has captured public opinion, and the other measures outlined in the Strategy have remained in a shadow. The visible effects of the reform will be felt when all its components are implemented, with public administration accountable, efficient public money management, transparency of public procurement, ensuring citizen participation in public policy making, modernization and delivery of quality public services to citizens, ensuring the employment and promotion of civil servants on the basis of meritocracy, adequate remuneration and motivation of civil servants on the basis of performance, ensuring decentralization and autonomy at local level", Pîrvan said.
In conclusion, the IDIS Viitorul expert said that the objectives of the reform remain the development and consolidation of an attractive, modern and performing public administration. One of the priorities in this field is to develop and implement a transparent, fair and performance-oriented pay system to motivate civil servants.
The show is made by IDIS "Viitorul" in partnership with Radio Free Europe.
For further details, please contact the press officer, Victor URSU, at the following address: ursu.victoor@gmail.com or at 069017396.
Termoelectrica's S.A. specialists and representatives of the housing sector in Chisinau met on January 25th in a public debate to discuss the rescheduling of historical debt for heating and the modernization of district heating services for the residential sector. While S.A. "Termoelectrica" invests in energy efficiency projects, housing fund managers remain swallowed by debts and obligations to public service providers.
"More than 80% of residential blocks in Chisinau work in obsolete legal forms. The reorganization process is blocked by the fact that those who initiate the reorganization process are required to take over the historical debts of the block, which were previously not billed and unknown. In this case, the historical debts of the housing sector to S.A. "Termocom" must be frozen in order not to block the reorganization of the legal entities that are currently managing the housing sector in condominium owners associations”, believes Victor Parlicov, an energy expert at IDIS "Viitorul".
Thus, over 26 years, the debts to S.A. "Termoelectrica" have grown, and the residential fund is an absolute leader in this chapter, accounting for 98% of total historical debts. Also, by the end of 2017, the thermal energy provider "Termoelectrica" had debts of about three billion lei to the gas supplier "Moldovagaz".
"Administrators see solving the problem by debiting the debts, but they do not see the solution for collecting these debts, which, in fact, is their duty. Everyone tries to hide behind certain rights, but no one wants to recognize their contractual obligations and according to the statutes. We have contracts expressing who consumers are and what is the billing procedure. There are associates who pay directly to Termoelectrica. We support HOAs administrators and we have a total openness", says Commercial Manager of SA" Termoelectrica", Victor Puiu.
In turn, HOAs managers do not understand where the debt comes from.
According to Victor Cojocaru, president of the housing cooperative no.185, the debts are endless and continue for years. "Because of the low incomes of the population, we require payment for heating to be made by 1 October. Unfortunately, now the sums paid in summer are not taken into account. We have to end these problems and calculate the debts of the last three years. But the state should think about the citizens who have poor pensions of 620 lei".
"We have to ask who those debts are. What is the real duty? While the tenants are the final consumers, they should pay them and not the tenants' associations because we have no liability to Termoelectrica. Let us collaborate to eliminate these debts once and for all", suggests Alla Poltavcenco, manager of APLP 51/173.
One of the solutions proposed in the debate is the horizontal distribution of heat, which will reduce the cost of heat. The solution allows for individual consumption control and offers the possibility to count each apartment individually. "The housing blocks with such a system have bill savings of over 30%, compared to the average cost of heat in the town. For example, in the 2016-2017 season, the cost difference between the block on Pandurilor street and the other blocks in the capital was 51.75%. There are 28 apartments in this block, and the average expenses for each tenant were 1,000 euro", says Nicolae Glingean, development director at SA" Termoelectrica". According to the company, from the installation of the horizontal distribution now benefits the block from Gradinilor Street, following the example of the 52 block Pandurilor Street - the first block in the capital that passed last year from the old distribution system to the new one.
Energy efficiency works can only be made entirely at the level of the building and not for each apartment. Respectively, even if all the administrative and legal problems were solved, the economic problem would remain - the vulnerable social population would have no sources to pay for their contribution to these energy efficiency works. "If we admit that about 10% of the apartments in each block are inhabited by socially vulnerable consumers, then the 60 million lei allocated for compensators could mobilize up to 600 million lei for investments in the energy efficiency of the buildings", says Victor Parlicov.
At the same time, the energy expert Sergiu Ungureanu proposes the liberalization of the energy market and the direct contracting "We have to take into consideration the direct contracting, attract investors and change the legislative framework. We need to liberalize the supply market and find other sources of energy production. Termoelectrica also has to raise its defense shield and work with consumers".
The "Termoelectrica" company provides with the thermal agent, in the cold period of the year, over 186 thousand apartments in Chisinau.
The event was held within the initiative 'Improving energy efficiency program for low-income families in Moldova", implemented by the Institute for Development and Social Initiatives (IDIS) "Viitorul" with the financial support of World Jewish Relief Foundation. It aims to raise the standard of living of low-income tenant families by improving energy efficiency measures that significantly reduce the heating costs and consumption.
For more information, please contact Ana – Maria Veverita on ana.veverita@viitorul.org or (0 22) 221844.
Following the numerous embargos and hindrances imposed on Moldovan wine-makers by the Russian Federation, Moldovan producers have reorientated their markets to the West. Thus, with a market share of 70% 12 years ago, Russia is no longer in preference to Moldovan winemakers. This is the opinion expressed by journalist Victor Ursu during the 15 minutes of economic realism show.
Banning Moldovan wines on the Russian market has generated millions of dollars for winemakers. The latest Russian embargo on Moldovan wines was set up in September 2013 and was a political response to Chisinau's intention and signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union. At the same time, Moscow promotes the double standards policy, as part of the wine companies in Gagauzia and the left bank of the Dniester region have resumed their exports to the Russian Federation
Obviously it was a hard blow for Moldovan winemakers who were not prepared to cope with the shock. Some of them have gone bankrupt, and others have shifted to other markets.
On the other hand, the Russian embargo gave a positive impetus to Moldovan winemakers to revise their quality standards and search for safer markets. This situation came after the signing of the Free Trade Agreement with the EU by the Republic of Moldova. This is already noticeable in statistics. Balance of payments data published by the NBM show that in the third quarter of 2017, the export of alcoholic beverages amounted to USD 46.08 million, 13.0% higher than in the same period of 2016. The positive evolution was mainly determined by the increase in exports to Kazakhstan (3.3 times), China (65.8%) and Romania (46.6%). At the same time, exports of alcoholic beverages to Russia decreased by 30.1%, Turkey by 48.1% and Georgia by 12.3%. In the top five EU countries where Moldova exports the largest quantities of wine are: Romania - 3.46 million USD, Poland - 3 million USD, Czech Republic -2.3 million USD, Great Britain - 0.92 million USD and Hungary - US $ 0.85 million.
A return of Moldovan winemakers to the Russian market at the pre-embargo rates will not happen again. Their place was taken by "New World" wines such as those from Chile or Argentina, which are also cheaper than those in the Republic of Moldova.
In conclusion, Victor Ursu said that in recent years Moldovan winemakers have invested a lot of money in promotion taking into account the fact that Moldova has the largest underground galleries. He and Milestii Mici also entered the Book of Records. The promotion of production was insufficient, as two-thirds of Moldovan wines reached the Russian market. The Republic of Moldova has the advantage that it has the highest density of vineyards (140 thousand ha) at European level and the sixth area as a size.
The show is made in partnership with Free Europe.
